Roth Conversion Calculator
Enter how much you plan to convert from a traditional IRA to a Roth to see the tax you pay now, a simplified growth-based break-even and an age-73 required minimum distribution illustration. Returns and future tax rates are assumptions, and tax-free Roth earnings require a qualified distribution. Pick your state to fill in its income tax rate; the table compares the state part of the bill in all 50 states.
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Additional Details
Additional Details
Total Tax on Conversion
Estimated • Based on your inputs
Roth Balance at Retirement
$413,855.00
Break-Even Years
14
Detailed Breakdown
Disclaimer: This calculator provides estimates for informational purposes only. Results should not be considered financial, tax, or legal advice. Consult a qualified professional for your specific situation.
How this calculator works
The converted amount is taxed once, now: your federal rate times the amount, plus the state rate times the amount (the calculator applies each rate to the whole conversion; it does not walk the brackets). The converted dollars then grow at your expected return until retirement. The tax you avoid later is that growth times your expected retirement rate plus the state rate, and the break-even is the first year that avoided tax reaches the tax paid now (capped at 40 years). The RMD figure is what the traditional balance left after converting would require at 73, divided by 26.5. The state picker fills the rate each state's own brackets give at its median household income; state exclusions for retirement income are not applied. This model assumes fully taxable IRA funds, omits nondeductible basis and the return on outside funds used to pay conversion tax, and does not establish net wealth gained. Constant returns and future tax rates are assumptions. Qualified Roth distributions generally require the five-tax-year rule and age 59½ or another qualifying condition; early withdrawals of converted amounts have separate rules. The 40-year display also covers cases that never break even within the modeled period. The age-73 RMD illustration does not cover every birth cohort.
Source: IRS: Roth IRAs; state brackets and flat rates from this site's 2026 state income tax table checked
State tax on a Roth conversion by state
The rate is each state's bracket rate at its median household income (Census ACS 2024), the default the calculator fills. The dollar columns run the calculator at its defaults: $50,000 converted at age 50, 22% federal now ($11,000 in every state), 15% in retirement, 7% growth to 65.
| State | State income tax | Rate the calculator fills | State tax on $50,000 | Total tax now | Break-even (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 3 brackets, top 5% | 5% at $66,659 | $2,500 | $13,500 | 13 |
| Alaska | No wage income tax | 0% | $0 | $11,000 | 14 |
| Arizona | Flat 2.5% | 2.5% (the flat rate) | $1,250 | $12,250 | 13 |
| Arkansas | 6 brackets, top 3.7% | 3.7% at $62,106 | $1,850 | $12,850 | 13 |
| California | 10 brackets, top 13.3% | 9.3% at $100,149 | $4,650 | $15,650 | 13 |
| Colorado | Flat 4.4% | 4.4% (the flat rate) | $2,200 | $13,200 | 13 |
| Connecticut | 7 brackets, top 6.99% | 5.5% at $96,049 | $2,750 | $13,750 | 13 |
| Delaware | 7 brackets, top 6.6% | 6.6% at $87,534 | $3,300 | $14,300 | 13 |
| Florida | No wage income tax | 0% | $0 | $11,000 | 14 |
| Georgia | Flat 4.99% | 4.99% (the flat rate) | $2,495 | $13,495 | 13 |
| Hawaii | 12 brackets, top 11% | 7.6% at $100,745 | $3,800 | $14,800 | 13 |
| Idaho | 2 brackets, top 5.3% | 5.3% at $81,166 | $2,650 | $13,650 | 13 |
| Illinois | Flat 4.95% | 4.95% (the flat rate) | $2,475 | $13,475 | 13 |
| Indiana | Flat 2.95% | 2.95% (the flat rate) | $1,475 | $12,475 | 13 |
| Iowa | Flat 3.8% | 3.8% (the flat rate) | $1,900 | $12,900 | 13 |
| Kansas | 2 brackets, top 5.58% | 5.58% at $75,514 | $2,790 | $13,790 | 13 |
| Kentucky | Flat 3.5% | 3.5% (the flat rate) | $1,750 | $12,750 | 13 |
| Louisiana | Flat 3% | 3% (the flat rate) | $1,500 | $12,500 | 13 |
| Maine | 4 brackets, top 9.15% | 7.15% at $76,442 | $3,575 | $14,575 | 13 |
| Maryland | 10 brackets, top 6.5% | 5% at $102,905 | $2,500 | $13,500 | 13 |
| Massachusetts | 2 brackets, top 9% | 5% at $104,828 | $2,500 | $13,500 | 13 |
| Michigan | Flat 4.25% | 4.25% (the flat rate) | $2,125 | $13,125 | 13 |
| Minnesota | 4 brackets, top 9.85% | 6.8% at $87,117 | $3,400 | $14,400 | 13 |
| Mississippi | 2 brackets, top 4% | 4% at $59,127 | $2,000 | $13,000 | 13 |
| Missouri | 8 brackets, top 4.7% | 4.7% at $71,589 | $2,350 | $13,350 | 13 |
| Montana | 2 brackets, top 5.65% | 5.65% at $75,340 | $2,825 | $13,825 | 13 |
| Nebraska | 3 brackets, top 4.55% | 4.55% at $76,376 | $2,275 | $13,275 | 13 |
| Nevada | No wage income tax | 0% | $0 | $11,000 | 14 |
| New Hampshire | No wage income tax | 0% | $0 | $11,000 | 14 |
| New Jersey | 7 brackets, top 10.75% | 6.37% at $104,294 | $3,185 | $14,185 | 13 |
| New Mexico | 5 brackets, top 5.9% | 4.9% at $67,816 | $2,450 | $13,450 | 13 |
| New York | 9 brackets, top 10.9% | 5.9% at $85,820 | $2,950 | $13,950 | 13 |
| North Carolina | Flat 3.99% | 3.99% (the flat rate) | $1,995 | $12,995 | 13 |
| North Dakota | 3 brackets, top 2.5% | 1.95% at $77,871 | $975 | $11,975 | 14 |
| Ohio | 2 brackets, top 2.75% | 2.75% at $72,212 | $1,375 | $12,375 | 13 |
| Oklahoma | 3 brackets, top 4.5% | 4.5% at $66,148 | $2,250 | $13,250 | 13 |
| Oregon | 4 brackets, top 9.9% | 8.75% at $85,220 | $4,375 | $15,375 | 13 |
| Pennsylvania | Flat 3.07% | 3.07% (the flat rate) | $1,535 | $12,535 | 13 |
| Rhode Island | 3 brackets, top 5.99% | 4.75% at $83,504 | $2,375 | $13,375 | 13 |
| South Carolina | 2 brackets, top 5.21% | 5.21% at $72,350 | $2,605 | $13,605 | 13 |
| South Dakota | No wage income tax | 0% | $0 | $11,000 | 14 |
| Tennessee | No wage income tax | 0% | $0 | $11,000 | 14 |
| Texas | No wage income tax | 0% | $0 | $11,000 | 14 |
| Utah | Flat 4.45% | 4.45% (the flat rate) | $2,225 | $13,225 | 13 |
| Vermont | 4 brackets, top 8.75% | 6.6% at $82,730 | $3,300 | $14,300 | 13 |
| Virginia | 4 brackets, top 5.75% | 5.75% at $92,090 | $2,875 | $13,875 | 13 |
| Washington | No wage income tax | 0% | $0 | $11,000 | 14 |
| West Virginia | 5 brackets, top 4.58% | 4.58% at $60,798 | $2,290 | $13,290 | 13 |
| Wisconsin | 4 brackets, top 7.65% | 5.3% at $77,488 | $2,650 | $13,650 | 13 |
| Wyoming | No wage income tax | 0% | $0 | $11,000 | 14 |
State rates: this site's 2026 single-filer brackets and flat rates (Tax Foundation 2026 state income tax table), read at the state's median household income (U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year 2024, table B19013). The rate is applied to the whole conversion; a conversion large enough to reach a higher bracket owes more, and a state that excludes retirement income may owe less. Local income taxes are not included.
Frequently Asked Questions
How much state tax will I pay on a Roth conversion?
It depends on your state's income tax. In the 9 states with no tax on wage income the state part is $0. Elsewhere, at each state's own median household income, the rate this calculator fills runs from 1.95% in North Dakota to 9.3% in California: $975 to $4,650 on a $50,000 conversion. Some states exclude part of retirement income from tax; check your state's own instructions before relying on the state figure.
How long does a Roth conversion take to pay off?
At the defaults ($50,000 converted at 50, a 22% federal rate now and 15% in retirement, 7% growth), the tax paid now is $11,000 with no state tax and it takes 14 years of growth before the assumed tax on growth matches it in this simplified model; it excludes the opportunity cost of paying tax now. With California's 9.3% the tax now is $15,650 and the break-even is 13 years, because the state rate counts on both sides.
All Calculators
Alabama Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Alabama. State tax rate up to 5%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
California Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in California. State tax rate up to 13.3%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Connecticut Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Connecticut. State tax rate up to 6.99%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Delaware Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Delaware. State tax rate up to 6.6%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Hawaii Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Hawaii. State tax rate up to 11%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Illinois Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Illinois. State tax rate up to 4.95%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Indiana Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Indiana. State tax rate up to 2.95%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Maryland Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Maryland. State tax rate up to 6.5%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Massachusetts Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Massachusetts. State tax rate up to 9%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Michigan Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Michigan. State tax rate up to 4.25%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Minnesota Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Minnesota. State tax rate up to 9.85%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Mississippi Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Mississippi. State tax rate up to 4%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Missouri Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Missouri. State tax rate up to 4.7%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
New Jersey Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in New Jersey. State tax rate up to 10.75%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
New Mexico Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in New Mexico. State tax rate up to 5.9%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
New York Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in New York. State tax rate up to 10.9%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Ohio Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Ohio. State tax rate up to 2.75%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Oregon Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Oregon. State tax rate up to 9.9%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Pennsylvania Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Pennsylvania. State tax rate up to 3.07%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
South Carolina Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in South Carolina. State tax rate up to 5.21%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Texas Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Texas. State tax rate up to 0%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Virginia Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Virginia. State tax rate up to 5.75%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.
Wisconsin Roth Conversion Calculator
Calculate Roth IRA conversion tax impact in Wisconsin. State tax rate up to 7.65%. See break-even years, lifetime savings & RMD estimates.